![]() An adaptive problem-solving style is referred to as rationalproblem-solving,whichincludes systematically applying skills to effectively solve a problem. Problem-solving style refers to the activities someone engages in while trying to cope with a problem. Problem orientation can either be positive (i.e., be optimistic that one can effectively solve problems, understand that negative emotions are an inevitable part of the process, understand that time and effort are required to solve problems) or negative (i.e., problems are viewed as threats, the individual feels pessimistic about their ability to solve problems, and they become especially upset in the face of problems and negative emotions). Problem orientation includes an individual’s beliefs, attitudes, and emotional reactions to problems and their ability to cope with these problems. This includes reviewing progress, developing relapse prevention strategies, and addressing emotions that come with ending the therapy relationship.Īccording to social problem solving theory, one’s ability to successfully solve problems is based on both problem orientation and problem-solving style. ![]() The final phase of treatment (sessions 13-16) focuses on termination of therapy. Thisincludesproviding validation and support, improving communication skills, and working to solve interpersonal problems. During the middle phase of treatment (sessions 4-12), specific interventions are used to address the area of focus. Patients are encouraged to assume the “sick role”, allowing them time to address their symptoms and have a brief respite from some responsibilities. ![]() The initial phase of treatment (sessions 1-4) focuses on building a working alliance as well as identifying an area of primary interpersonal focus based on the four areas previously mentioned, although other areas may be addressed as well. Specific areas of emphasis include grief, interpersonal disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits. focusing on current interpersonal difficulties. IPT draws from attachment theory and emphasizes the role of interpersonal relationships, While more structured than dynamic treatments, IPT has less structure than cognitive and behavioral approaches. Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is a time-limited (typically 16 sessions) treatment for major depressive disorder. Mindfulness strategies may be incorporated to address rumination. At times, activity assignments may be arranged along an activity hierarchy (e.g., Lejuez et al. Patients are typically given activity assignments to complete between sessions, with increasing difficulty over time. ), more recent versions haveemphasizedincorporating activities related to one’s values (e.g., Lejuez, Hopko, & Hopko, While early variants of BA emphasized activity scheduling that focused on increasing engagement in pleasant events (e.g., Lewinsohn for a review of specific tools used within different BA treatments While several different versions of BA exist, all emphasize the role of activity monitoring and activity scheduling in order to increase engagement in activities suggested to improve mood (see Kanter et al. who found that the behavioral techniques in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) were as effective as the full CBT package. Modern BA treatments developed in response to a component analysis by Jacobson et al. ![]() suggesting that individuals with depression have deficient response-contingent positive reinforcement and engage in problematic avoidance behaviors. that emphasized the role of positive and negative reinforcement in depression, Complications of Treatment for DepressionīA is based on early functional descriptions of depression by Lewinsohn.Laboratory Studies to Rule Out Organic Causes.Cultural Influences on Expression of Depression.Major Depressive Disorder with Psychotic Features.
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